Co-ordination

I.  Coordination

A).  Coordinating Conjunctions

     -----  for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 

         (Guide:         Acronym ----- “FANBOYS”)

     -----  link words, phrases / clauses with similar grammatical constructions / ideas of 

            equal importance

                   noun                               noun

                   pronoun                           pronoun

verb                                verb

                   adjective                          adjective

                   adverb                             adverb 

                   prepositional phrase          prepositional phrase                  

                    sentence                          sentence         

     Type                                   Function       

1.  for                                       reason / cause

2.  and                                     two similar ideas

                                                chronological actions / ideas

                                                additional information

                                                the result of one idea to another                                                            

3.  nor                                                join two negative alternative

4.  but                                                construct / contrary information

                                                           with the exception of

 

5.  or                                       2 alternative ideas

                                                only one is possible

                                                a condition

6.  yet                                       an element of surprise / unexpected

                                                contrast / difference

 

7.  so                                        consequential information

                                                a result / conclusion

1.  for          We must listen attentively for she won’t repeat anymore. 

2.  and         Tim and Tom are brothers.

                    Meena gets up at 6 am every day, brushes her teeth, washes her face and

takes her breakfast.
 3.  nor         
                   Peter was not helpful nor hardworking. 
4.  but                   James is poor but honest. 
5.  or            Do you want a red or blue car?  
6.  yet           She had been given so much help, yet she couldn’t complete the work in time. 
7.  so                     She was sick, so she did not go to school.

 B)  Correlative Conjunctions

      not…..but / both……and / either……or /  neither ……nor / not only …..but also / so

      ……that

1.  not….but           (replacing one idea by another)

     He did not borrow the book, but bought the book.

2.  both……. and     (adding one item / idea to another)

     Both John and Mary have read the series of Harry Potter 1 – 7.

3.  either …… or      (alternative)

    She can either speak Japanese or German. 

4.  neither ….. nor   (adding 2 negative ideas together)

     Neither Nora nor Lora likes sports.

5.  not only …… but also   (emphasis) 

     That doctor is not only smart but also hardworking.

 

6.  so …… that        (cause and effect / result)

     The children were so hungry that they ate all the food on the table.

II.  Subordinating Conjunction

A.  Forms of subordinating conjunctions

          As / as if / as long as / although/ though/ even though/ because /provided that 

         / that/ except that/ since / sooner than / unless/ till / until /when / while  

Functions of Subordinating Conjunctions

          He was sick.  He did not go to school.

          He was sick, so [he] did not go to school.   (co-ordinating conjunction)

          He did not go to school because he was sick.  (subordinating conjunction)

-----  comparison / condition / contrast / degree /  manner / place / time / purpose /

          reason / result