Defining and Non-defining Relative
Clauses
-- identify / explain which person
(who/whose/whom) or thing (which/ the noun
of which) you are talking about
-- specific / definite among so many people /
things
-- Without the relative clauses, you are not
sure which person/ animal/ thing/
place/event/reason/time
(1) The girl who can sing so well is my cousin.
(Without
the relative clause ‘who can sing so well’, we don’t know which
girl you are referring to
as there are so many girls.)
(2) The woman whose daughter is a doctor was
cheated of a few hundred
thousand dollars by a vice syndicate
(3) The old man whom I am talking to just now is
very strong and healthy.
(4)
The new printer which is of the latest model works well. (5) Where is the cat which Peter saved from being drowned a few days ago?
(6) The goose the left wing of which was injured
yesterday is my grandmother’s
pet.
(7) Do you know the place where he has gymnastic
exercise?
(8) Find out the time when we have to report our
presence.
(9) Nobody knows the reason why he reigned from
his job.
(10) Ulrich taught his fellow cooks patiently the
way how he made cheese
cakes.
B) Non-Defining Relative Clauses
--don’t define the noun phrases preceding
them
--merely provide extra information
about the noun phrases
(1)
Tina’s father, who is a
businessman, has gone to Hong Kong.
(2) Helen, whose car is blue in colour, is very
cautious and meticulous.
(3) Siewsiew, whom Mr Wong punished just now, is
very forgetful.
(4) The refrigerator, which is frost-free, is
made in Germany.
(5) The house the colour of which is green and
blue, belongs to Ahmad.
(6) Faster, the brand of the pen, which she likes
so much, has been out of
stock for a year already.
(7)
The central market, the place
where I go for marketing every Sunday, has
become an important landmark in Sibu.
(8)
We always remember 31st
Aught, 1957, the day when the British returned
the power to Malaysians.
(9) Being ill, the reason why he was absent for 3
days, is a lame excuse.
(10) Prising open the door to enter the house, the
way how thieves do, is
scaring.
Note:
‘That’,
the relative pronoun, is only used in Defining Relative Clause, not
Non-Defining Clause.
The
objective case of Relative Pronoun/ adverb is to be omitted.
Nominative Case Possessive Case Objective
Case
who whose
whom
which the
noun of which which
that ----------------------
that
Relative
Pronoun --> who / whose/ whom / which
Relative
Adverbs --> where / when / why / how (also Interrogative Adverbs)
The
objective case of Relative Pronoun which is followed by [S] V.
(1)
That is the student (whom) [Miss Chieng] punished a few days ago.
(You
can omit ‘whom’)
(2)
The hamster (which) [Ziwei] caught in the bushes a few weeks ago
eats and sleeps
a lot every day. (which)
(3)
The vase (that) [Mrs Rahman] bought last June was broken into
pieces just now.
(that)
(4)
Do you know the place where [he] put his briefcase? (where)
(5)
Nobody can tell us the time when [the accident] happened. (when)
(6)
We have to find out the reason why he was absent yesterday. (why)
(7)
He might know the way how we could solve the problem once and for
all. (how)
How to distinguish different clauses
Noun
clauses answer the question ==
what/who/whose/who (Interrogative
pronouns)
Indirect
statement/ conjunction == that
(1)
[Nobody] dared to ask (what it was in that big box). (What was it in that big box?)
(2) Do
[you] know (who our new English teacher is)? (Who is our new English
teacher?)
(3)
[He] wants to find out (whose car it is). (Whose car is it?)
(4)
[You] have to let (your parents) know (whom you associate
with). (Whom do you
associate with?)
(5)
[He] told (us) (that he was sick). (What did he tell you?)
(6)
That she has to move house soon is true. (What is true?)
It__________________________________________________________________
(7)
[What he has told us] really upsets us?
(What really upsets you?)
(8) Have
[you] decided ([which girl] is to be chosen for ((the singing
competition))?
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