B) Non-finite clauses
a)
Without a subject
Examples :
(i) -ing participle form/ present
participial phrase/ F2 phrase
-----
must have the same subject for both clauses
Write out the F2 phrase to replace the
adverbial clause.
(1) When Hassan was hopping in a
supermarket, he was pick-pocketed.
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(2) When Peter was weeding the
garden, he saw a python.
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(3) Ahmad hailed a taxi as he was
late.
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(ii) -ed participle form/ past
participle phrase / F4 phrase (172)
-----
must have the same subject for both clauses
Write out
F4 phrase to replace the adverbial /relative clause.
(1) As Meena was worried about
her examination, she could not sleep well last
night.
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(2) The man who was frustrated by
the hike of the rental in a such time had a
quarrel with the landlord.
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(3) The turtle which was caught
by the man hid itself in the shell all the time.
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(iii) To-infinitive
-----
[S] V …… to V
(1) She was happy to meet us.
(2) Alice was kind enough to help them.
(3) She is going to apply for a
banker’s cheque to pay the company for printing the
books for her.
(4) Leena will have to attend the
meeting this afternoon.
(5) James has to take part in
sports every year.
(iv)
Bare infinitive
-----
[S] V …..V
(1)
The most important task of the
government now is improve the living condition
of the people.
(2) All you can do now is consult
the specialist.
(3) The only possibility for them
to get out of poverty is be educated
(4) What Tina wants is find a job
to her interest.
(5) The most he can help you is
advise you.
Causative Verbs (help / let / make)
(6) She let the children go
outside the classroom yesterday.
(7) We helped her clean up the
hall.
Verbs of senses (see / hear /
notice / watch)
8) They saw a man enter the gate
just now.
9) I heard Peter shout loudly.
(b) With
a subject
(i) -ing participle form/ present
participial phrase/ F2 phrase
-----
Both clauses must have different subjects.
Write the F2 phrase with a subject to replace
the clause.
(1) Leena led us through the
jungle. We followed her timidly.
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(2) Ahsiah is the leader. We just follow what she is directing us.
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(3) Chiachia instructed us what
to prepare to make a cheese cake. We
just
gathered all the required ingredients.
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(4) Hari Raya is coming
soon. Muslims in general have started
cleaning and
decorating their houses.
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5. Do you know the lady who sells
vegetables and fruits near our school?
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(ii) -ed participle form/ past
participial phrase/ F4 phrase
----- Both clauses must have different subjects.
(1) The project was completed
just in time, we all felt relieved.
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(2) The children cheered loudly
when the eagle was released by the hunter.
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(3) After all the documents were
filed, I left the office for home immediately.
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(4) Before Mr Mustapha left for Australia, all the pets had been given away.
(iii) To-infinitive
(1) [Paul] told (us) to
come earlier tomorrow.
(2) [Hashim] taught (us)
how to operate the machine.
(3) [Helen] wanted (them)
to pick up all the rubbish.
(4) [MissTing] ordered
(the children) to line up in a file to walk to the library.
(iv) Bare infinitive
help/
let/make
Verbs
of senses -- see/hear/smell/feel/notice/
(1) [I] heard (them) sing
loudly yesterday.
(2) [Karen] helps (her
mother) to clean the house every Sunday.
(3) [Her stepmother] made
(her) do most of the housework.
(4)
[I] felt (something) climb on my back.
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